Abstract Background: Medial arterial calcification (MAC) of the foot is a predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in diabetics. The MAC score is a tool to describe with plain radiographs the burden of inframalleolar arterial calcification. Objective: To determine the degree of association between MAC and the risk of major amputation. Methods: Retrospective longitudinal cohort study analyzing radiographs of extremities with diabetic foot from March 1, 2021 to July 31, 2022. They were classified according to their MAC score and interventions performed at 6 months were recorded; chi-square test and relative risk test were performed to determine significant association between severe MAC and major amputation. Results: Out of 102 extremities studied, 37 patients (35.9%) had severe MAC; 28 suffered major amputation, with a significant risk estimation (RR: 3.28, CI: 95% 1.985-5.428). Conclusion: Severe MAC in patients with diabetic foot increases 3.2 times the risk of a major amputation during the 6 months following the appearance of an ulcer.

Resumen Antecedentes: La calcificación arterial de la capa media en el pie (CAMP) es un factor predictivo de morbilidad y mortalidad cardiovascular en diabéticos. La puntuación de CAMP es una herramienta para describir con radiografías simples la carga de calcificación arterial infra maleolar. Objetivo: Determinar el grado de asociación entre CAMP con el riesgo de amputación mayor. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal retrospectivo de cohortes analizando radiografías de extremidades con pie diabético del 1 marzo de 2021 al 31 julio de 2022. Se clasificaron según su puntuación CAMP y se registraron las intervenciones realizadas a 6 meses; se realizó prueba de chi cuadrada y riesgo relativo para determinar asociación significativa entre CAMP grave y amputación mayor. Resultados: De 102 extremidades estudiadas, se encontró CAMP grave en 37 pacientes (35.9%); 28 sufrieron amputación mayor, con una estimación de riesgo significativa (RR: 3.28, IC: 95% 1.985-5.428). Conclusión: CAMP grave en paciente con pie diabético aumenta 3.2 veces el riesgo de una amputación mayor durante los 6 meses posteriores a la aparición de una úlcera.

Abstract Aneurysms are abnormal vessel dilatations that usually occur in the arterial system. The presence of these in the veins is very uncommon, finding only a few reports in the literature. They can be classified into two types: primary and secondary. Clinical presentation in most cases is with thrombosis in situ. A case of 23-year-old man with an 8-month history of a growing mass in the left groin with a history of bilateral hernioplasty, mastectomy due to gynecomastia, and several esthetic procedures, has a history of repetitive trauma from bodybuilding. The patient was attended for pain, finding an image suggesting the presence of a fusiform aneurysm in the proximal third of the left common femoral vein measured 3 × 3 cm in diameter. The patient was taken to the operating room to perform the aneurysmectomy.

Resumen Los aneurismas son dilataciones anormales de los vasos que se presentan normalmente en el sistema arterial. Su presencia en las venas es poco común, reportándose muy poco en la literatura. Estos se pueden clasificar en primarios y secundarios. El cuadro clínico inicial en la mayoría de los casos es trombosis in situ y en ocasiones a distancia. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 23 años con aumento de volumen en región inguinal izquierda de ocho meses de evolución, antecedente de hernioplastia bilateral, mastectomía por ginecomastia, así como de múltiples procedimientos estéticos, y cuenta con historial de trauma repetitivo por fisiculturismo. El paciente fue valorado por dolor, encontrando una imagen sugestiva de un aneurisma fusiforme en el tercio proximal de la vena femoral común izquierda y medidas de 3 × 3 cm de diámetro. El paciente fue sometido a aneurismectomía.

ABSTRACT Background: Osteoarthritis is a frequent rheumatic disease. Some single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the gene associated with fat mass and obesity are associated with increased body mass index and knee osteoarthritis. Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the association of single nucleotide polymorphism rs1477196 of the fat mass and obesity gene with primary knee osteoarthritis. Methods: This observational and cross-sectional study included 347 Mexican participants. We performed the genotypification analysis with TaqMan® probe C_2031262_10 for rs1477196 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Multivariate analysis included covariables such as age, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and postmenopause. Results: Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and postmenopause were associated with primary knee osteoarthritis in female participants. We did not find an association between rs1477196 and obesity. In the codominant and dominant genetic models, rs1477196 was significantly associated with primary knee osteoarthritis only in the female group, including in the model adjusted by other covariables (odds ratio = 2.517; 1.035-6.123; p = 0.042 and odds ratio = 2.387; 1.054-5.407; p = 0.037, respectively). The interaction between rs1477196 and obesity was significantly associated with primary knee osteoarthritis in female participants (p = 0.039 and p = 0.043). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the rs1477196 variant of the fat and obesity mass gene may be associated with the risk of primary knee osteoarthritis in women.

Resumo O amarelecimento letal (LY) é uma doença que afecta o coqueiro e outras espécies de palmeiras. Está associada a fitoplasmas do grupo 16SrIV e o único vector de insectos notificado até agora para este patogéneo é o Haplaxius crudus. O H. crudus está presente no México e foi associado aos fitoplasmas do grupo 16SrIV, no entanto, não foi detectável durante um surto de LY na costa de Yucatan, México, sugerindo a existência de outras espécies de vectores. Para testar esta hipótese foi realizado um levantamento de insectos e um total de 3074 insectos foram capturados durante um ano de amostragem mensal. Dez ordens taxonómicas foram identificadas nesta amostra, sendo Hemiptera a mais abundante (N=2094), e estas foram classificadas em nove famílias. A colpoptera sp. da família Nogodinidae era a mais abundante, representando 56% do número total de insectos amostrados e 23% destas amostras resultaram positivos para o fitoplasma LY por detecção por PCR. A comparação BLAST, RFLP virtual e análises filogenéticas dos amplicons sequenciados relacionam o fitoplasma detectado com o subgrupo 16SrIV-A. Os resultados aqui apresentados sugerem que Colpoptera sp. poderia ser considerado como um novo vector putativo dos fitoplasmas causadores de LY no México e um candidato a investigação adicional.

Abstract Lethal yellowing (LY) is a disease that affects coconut and other palm species. It is associated to phytoplasmas of the group 16SrIV and the only reported insect vector for this pathogen so far is Haplaxius crudus. H. crudus is present in Mexico and has been associated to 16SrIV phytoplasmas, however, it was not detectable during a LY outbreak in the coast of Yucatan, Mexico, suggesting the existence of other vector species. To test this hypothesis a survey of insects was carried out and a total of 3074 insects were captured during a year of monthly sampling. Ten taxonomic orders were identified in this sample, Hemiptera being the most abundant (N=2094), and these were classified into nine families. The leafhopper Colpoptera sp. from to the Nogodinidae family was de most abundant representing 56% of the total number of insects sampled and 23% of these samples resulted positive for LY phytoplasma by PCR detection. The BLAST comparison, virtual RFLP and phylogenetic analyses of the sequenced amplicons relate the detected phytoplasma to the subgroup 16SrIV-A. The findings presented herein suggest that Colpoptera sp. could be considered as a new putative vector of the LY-causing phytoplasmas in Mexico and a candidate for further research.

Abstract The ixodicidal activity of the methanolic extracts of Artemisia ludoviciana (Astereceae), Cordia boissieri (Boraginaceae) and Litchi chinensis (Sapindaceae) against two field populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus from the state of Nuevo Leon (NL) and Veracruz (VER) was evaluated. The extract of L. chinensis in the concentration of 150 mg/ml showed efficacies of 100% and 99% against engorged females and mortalities of 98% and 99% against larvae. C. boissieri in the same concentration showed efficacies of 71% and 37% against engorged adults and mortalities of 33.04% and 10.33% against larvae and A. ludoviciana had efficacies of 94% and 83% in adults and mortalities of 89.39% and 89.21% against larvae in both populations respectively. The enzymatic activity of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Carboxylesterase (CaE), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) was measured in both populations of ticks. As a result, a significant difference between both populations was shown, being the VER population the one that exhibited a higher enzymatic activity (p ≤ 0.05). It can be concluded that the methanolic extract of the seed of L. chinensis shows potential ixodicidal activity and can be used as an alternative source of tick control, however, prior characterization, toxicity and formulation studies are necessary.

Resumo No presente trabalho, a atividade ixodicida de extratos metanólicos de Artemisia ludoviciana (Astereceae), Cordia boissieri (Boraginaceae) e Litchi chinensis (Sapindaceae) contra Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus foi avaliada em duas populações de campo nos estados de Nuevo León (NL) y Veracruz (VER). O extrato de L. chinensis na concentração de 150 mg/ml, apresentou eficácia de 100% e 99% contra fêmeas ingurgitadas, e taxas de mortalidade de 98% e 99% contra larvas. C. boissieri, na mesma concentração, apresentou eficácia de 71% e 37% contra adultas ingurgitados, e taxas de mortalidade de 33,04% e 10,33% contra larvas e A. ludoviciana apresentou eficácias de 94% e 83% em adultos e mortalidade de 89,39% e 89,21% contra larvas em ambas as populações respectivamente. Por outro lado, a atividade enzimática da Acetilcolinesterase (AChE), Carboxilesterase (CaE), Glutationa-S-Transferase (GST) e Fosfatase Alcalina (ALP) foi medida em ambas as populações de carrapatos. Como resultado, foi apresentada uma diferença significativa entre as populações, sendo a população VER a que apresentou maior atividade enzimática (p ≤ 0,05). Assim, pode-se concluir que o extrato metanólico da semente de L. chinensis apresenta potencial atividade ixodicida e pode ser utilizado como fonte alternativa de controle de carrapatos, porém estudos prévios de caracterização, toxicidade e formulação são necessários.

Abstract Among the different handling techniques in aquaculture, the use of anesthetics has had a growing interest focused on guaranteeing animal welfare, and reducing possible stress situations during general handling. The aim of this study was to present the use of eugenol and lidocaine with non-invasive anesthesia procedures in Dormitator latifrons, in which the different stages of anesthesia (induction and recovery) were determined. One hundred and twenty healthy fish of average weight of 73.59 ± 13.53 g and standard length of 17 ± 1.36 cm were used. The experimental fish were subjected to fasting for 24 h prior to the tests. Five fish were subjected to eugenol (25, 50, 100, and 200 µL/L), and lidocaine (100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/L), in triplicate. The time to reach deep and recovery anesthesia were recorded and the data analyzed using ANOVA (α= 0.05). Organisms exposed to anesthetics evidenced early episodes of fast, short-distance swimming (initial hyperactivity) for short periods of time. Survival was 100% with both compounds and concentrations. Fish exposed to a eugenol concentration of 200 µL/L had longer anesthesia times and took longer time to recover (P<0.05). The most effective concentrations for eugenol and lidocaine were of 200 µL/L and 400 µL/L in juvenile fish, promoting rapid inductions, without compromising the conditions for the recovery of the fish. This work provides practical information for handling and transportation D. latiforns with the least possible stress and ensuring animal welfare.

Resumo Dentre as diferentes técnicas de manejo na aquicultura, o uso de anestésicos tem despertado interesse crescente voltado para a garantia do bem-estar animal, reduzindo possíveis situações de estresse durante o manejo geral. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar o uso de eugenol e lidocaína com procedimentos anestésicos não invasivos em Dormitator latifrons, nos quais foram determinadas as diferentes etapas da anestesia (indução e recuperação). Foram utilizados 120 peixes saudáveis, com peso médio de 73,59 ± 13,53 g e 17 ± 1,36 cm de comprimento, em jejum de 24 horas antes dos testes. Cinco peixes foram submetidos a eugenol (25, 50, 100 e 200 µL/L) e lidocaína (100, 200, 300 e 400 mg/L), em triplicata. O tempo para atingir a anestesia profunda e de recuperação foi registrado, os dados foram analisados com ANOVA (α= 0,05). Organismos expostos a anestésicos evidenciaram episódios precoces de nado rápido de curta distância (hiperatividade inicial) por curtos períodos de tempo. A sobrevivência atinge 100% com ambos compostos e concentrações. Peixes expostos a uma concentração de eugenol de 200 µL/L tiveram tempos de anestesia mais longos e demoraram mais para se recuperar (P<0,05). As concentrações mais efetivas para eugenol e lidocaína foram de 200 µL/L e 400 µL/L em peixes juvenis, promovendo induções rápidas, sem comprometer as condições de recuperação dos peixes. Este trabalho fornece informações práticas para o manejo e transporte de D. latifrons com o mínimo de estresse possível e garantindo o bem-estar animal.

Resumen (Introducción): Las epífitas representan hasta el 10 % de la diversidad mundial y hasta un 30 % de la diversidad de plantas en los bosques andinos, con las familias Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Araceae y Gesneriaceae como las más importantes. Sus formas, colores y tamaños, así como su interacción con aves, insectos y otros invertebrados, han cautivado a especialistas, así como también a un amplio público en todo el mundo. El turismo de naturaleza se consolida en lugares que ofrecen experiencias únicas, y es un sector creciente de la economía en varios países tropicales. Las plantas epífitas se encuentran dentro de los atractivos locales con mayor potencial de avistamiento en los trópicos. (Objetivo): Presentar una metodología para documentar epífitas en fincas, reservas naturales y áreas protegidas, cuyo propósito sea mejorar la información biológica acerca de ellas, facilitar la guianza y ampliar la experiencia de los visitantes. (Metodología): Con base en años de práctica en el campo, se han adaptado algunos métodos y se han propuesto otros nuevos para mejorar la experiencia de los visitantes, con un enfoque de turismo de naturaleza. (Resultados): Se proponen cinco métodos: (transectos semidetallados, estaciones de observación, recorridos libres, árboles caídos y parcelas permanentes), y un método de conservación in situ (colección viva) para completar la caracterización. Igualmente, se presenta un análisis de las bondades, tiempos, costos y prioridades de cada uno. (Conclusiones): Estos métodos, junto con la edición de guías ilustradas de la flora y la capacitación del recurso humano local, constituyen los ejes centrales para el turismo de naturaleza, el empoderamiento comunitario y el fortalecimiento de los procesos de conservación.

Abstract (Introduction): Epiphytes represent up to 10 % of global diversity and up to 30 % of Andean forests. Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Araceae and Gesneriaceae are among the most important. Their shapes, colors, and sizes, as well as their interaction with insects, birds and invertebrates have captivated specialists, but also a wide audience around the world. Nature tourism is consolidated in places that offer unique experiences and is a growing economic sector in several tropical countries. Epiphytic plants are among the local attractions with the greatest potential for sightings in the tropics. (Objective): To present a methodology to document epiphytes on farms, natural reserves, and protected areas, to improve biological information about them, facilitate guidance, and broaden the visitor experience. (Methodology): Several years of field work have allowed us to adapt some methods and propose new ones to strengthen the experience of visitors with a focus on nature tourism. (Results): Five methods are proposed (semi-detailed transects, sighting stations, ad libitum trails, fallen trees and permanent plots), and a in situ conservation method (living collection) to complete the characterization. Likewise, an analysis of the benefits, times, costs, and priorities of each one is presented. (Conclusions): These methods, along with illustrated flora guides and trained local human resources, constitute the central axes for nature tourism, community empowerment and the strengthening of the conservation processes.

Summary: The species richness-area relationship is considered one of the general laws in ecology. Through the richness of functional types, the scope of species richness is extended toward approaches to assess the functional redundancy of vegetation in vascular plants. The objective of the research was to develop and evaluate a model of the relationship richness-area and richness-species and functional types. For the richness-area relationship, many empirical models have been proposed in the literature, where the potential and the logarithmic stand out. These models, in addition to a second-order polynomial model, can be used to define the species (S) and functional types (Sg) richness relationship. The authors proposed model is based on the kinetics of order n, where the logarithmic and potential models are particular cases. To analyze the statistical adjustments of the considered models, a database of the related species richness and functional types richness was used in relation to the sampling area (A). The results of the application of non-linear regressions show that the kinetic model of order n has the best statistical adjustment, although the potential and logarithmic models are considered viable.

Resumen: La relación riqueza de especies - área es considerada una de leyes generales en ecología. A través de la riqueza de tipos funcionales se amplía el alcance de la riqueza de especies hacia enfoques de evaluación de la redundancia funcional de la vegetación en plantas vasculares. El objetivo de la investigación fue desarrollar y evaluar de un modelo de la relación riqueza-área y riqueza-especies y tipos funcionales. Para la relación riqueza-área en la literatura abundan los modelos empíricos, donde sobresalen el potencial y el logarítmico. Estos modelos, además de un modelo polinómico de segundo orden, pueden ser utilizados para definir la relación riqueza de especies (S) y de tipos funcionales (Sg). Un modelo propuesto por los autores se basa en la cinética de orden n, en el cual el modelo logarítmico y el potencial son casos particulares. En el análisis de los ajustes estadísticos de los modelos considerados, se utilizó una base de datos de la relación riqueza de especies y de tipos funcionales con relación al área de muestreo (A). Los resultados de la aplicación de regresiones no lineales muestran que el modelo de cinética de orden n resultó ser el modelo con mejor ajuste experimental, aunque los modelos potencial y logarítmico se consideran viables.

Summary: The study of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) response to salt stress from physiological indicators in genotypes contributes to the knowledge of the adaptive mechanisms of this species to stressful conditions. The objective of our research was to analyze the phenotypic plasticity and variation in indicators related to photosynthesis in two genotypes (red and yellow) of Anacardium occidentale L., during the seedling stage under greenhouse conditions. The effect of five salinity levels (0.02 dS m-1, 5 dS m-1, 10 dS m-1, 15 dS m-1 and 20 dS m-1) on characters associated with photosynthesis, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence was evaluated. Phenotypic plasticity in response to salt stress was calculated for the indicators evaluated through the phenotypic plasticity index. The red variety showed the greatest effects of salt stress on photosynthetic rate, transpiration, sub-stomatal CO2, Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, and Pi abs. The significant differences found in phenotypic plasticity showed higher values in the red variety in most of the indicators evaluated. A negative effect of salinity at the seedling stage on indicators related to photosynthesis, gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence was detected, as well as significant differences between genotypes according to the indicators evaluated and the levels of phenotypic plasticity. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were the indicators that showed the highest values of phenotypic plasticity.

Resumen: El estudio de la respuesta al estrés salino a partir de indicadores fisiológicos en genotipos de marañón (Anacardium occidentale L.), contribuye al conocimiento de los mecanismos adaptativos de esta especie a condiciones estresantes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la plasticidad fenotípica y la variación en indicadores relacionados con la fotosíntesis en dos genotipos (rojo y amarillo) de Anacardium occidentale L., durante la fase de plántulas en condiciones de invernadero. Se evaluó el efecto de cinco niveles de salinidad (0.02 dS m-1, 5 dS m-1, 10 dS m-1, 15 dS m-1 y 20 dS m-1) sobre caracteres asociados a la fotosíntesis, intercambio gaseoso y la fluorescencia de la clorofila. Se calculó la plasticidad fenotípica en respuesta al estrés salino de los indicadores evaluados a través del índice de plasticidad fenotípica. La variedad roja mostró las mayores afectaciones producto del estrés salino en los indicadores tasa fotosintética, transpiración, CO2 subestomático, Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo y Pi abs. Las diferencias significativas encontradas en cuanto a la plasticidad fenotípica mostraron valores superiores en la variedad roja en la mayoría de los indicadores evaluados. Se muestra el efecto negativo que tiene la salinidad en el estadio de plántulas en los indicadores relacionados con la fotosíntesis, intercambio gaseoso, y fluorescencia de la clorofila, así como las diferencias significativas existentes en cuanto a los indicadores evaluados y los niveles de plasticidad fenotípica de los mismos entre genotipos. La fotosíntesis y la conductancia estomática fueron los indicadores que mostraron los mayores valores de plasticidad fenotípica.

Resumen En este trabajo se construyen índices anuales de programas sociales de México de 2012-2018 utilizando estadística multivariada, con el fin de identificar la relación de su eficiencia con el gasto público. Se consideraron las variables: eficiencia en cobertura, presupuesto aprobado, presupuesto ejercido y rigor de sus resultados obtenidos. Se encontró un bajo índice de eficiencia en cobertura anual en 2015 y un máximo en 2018. El índice de presupuesto aprobado anual no tuvo relevante aumento de 2014 a 2015, aun así mostró ser creciente a través de los años. El índice de presupuesto ejercido anual tuvo un notable descenso en 2018. Además, se encontró que aquellos programas que tienen mayor gasto en la muestra considerada -Seguro Popular y Pensión para Adultos Mayores- tuvieron resultados destacados, y los programas de Estancias Infantiles y Apoyo al Empleo que recibieron mucho menor presupuesto también tuvieron resultados destacados, es decir, fueron programas eficientes.

Abstract In this paper, annual indices of social programs in Mexico from 2012-2018 are constructed using multivariate statistics, to identify the relationship between their efficiency and public spending. The following variables were considered: efficiency in coverage, approved budget, exercised budget, and rigor of the obtained results. A low annual coverage efficiency index was found in 2015 and a maximum in 2018. The annual approved budget index did not have a relevant increase from 2014 to 2015, even so it showed to be increasing through the years. The annual exercised budget index had a notable decrease in 2018. In addition, it was found that those programs with higher spending in the sample considered Seguro Popular and Pensión para Adultos Mayores -Popular Insurance and Pension for Older Adults- had outstanding results, and the Estancias Infantiles and Apoyo al Empleo programs -Children’s Stays and Employment Support- that received much lower budget, had outstanding results, i.e., they were efficient programs.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las plantas en ecosistemas áridos exhiben adaptaciones a las sequías periódicas, más frecuentes e intensas por el cambio global. Conocer los atributos ecofisiológicos en las especies, ayudará a entender sus adaptaciones a las limitaciones de agua. En los ecosistemas del Noroeste de México coexisten árboles perennifolios y caducifolios, de los que poco se conocen sus adaptaciones hídricas y funcionales. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles son las diferencias en los atributos de resistencia a la sequía e hídricos, en árboles coexistentes de una comunidad semi-árida? ¿Es posible determinar mecanismos de coexistencia? Especies de estudio: Olneya tesota, Ipomoea arborescens y Jatropha cordata. Sitio y año de estudio: Matorral subtropical del Desierto Sonorense. Sonora, México, 2021. Métodos: Densidad de flujo de savia (Fd) medido continuamente utilizando sensores de disipación de calor, potenciales hídricos al amanecer (Ψpd), al mediodía (Ψmd) y conductancia estomática (gs), en el verano. Resultados: Olneya (perennifolia) mantuvo F d durante todo el año, pero Ipomoea y Jatropha (deciduas) solo durante días húmedos del verano. La F d máxima de Ipomoea y Jatropha (~1200 g cm-2 día-1) fue el doble que Olneya (600 g cm-2 día-1). Durante los períodos secos, los árboles deciduos disminuyeron F d . Los potenciales hídricos y conductancia estomática permitieron diferenciar los nichos hidrológicos en tipos funcionales isohídricos (Ipomoea y Jatropha) y anisohídricos (Olneya). Conclusiones: Un gradiente decreciente de resistencia a la sequía se encontró entre Ipomoea, Jatropha y Olneya. Estas especies logran su coexistencia por sus nichos hidrológicos, caracterizados por flujos de savia, estrategias iso-anisohídricas, y profundidad de raíces.

Abstract Background: Plants in arid ecosystems exhibit adaptive traits to periodic droughts. It is predicted that droughts will become more frequent and intense due to global change. Studying plant ecophysiological traits will help understand their adaptations to water limitations. In arid ecosystems of northwestern Mexico, evergreen and deciduous trees coexist, with little knowledge of their responsible hydrological functional traits. Questions: What are the differences in drought resistance and hydraulic traits for coexisting trees in a semi-arid community? Are we able to determine their coexistence mechanisms? Studied species: Olneya tesota, Ipomoea arborescens and Jatropha cordata. Study site and dates: Desert shrubland/subtropical shrubland community in central Sonora, Mexico, in 2021. Methods: Sap flux density (F d) was measured continuously with heat dissipation method probes, and predawn (Ψpd), midday (Ψmd) water potentials and stomatal conductance (gs) during the summer wet season. Results: Olneya (evergreen) was found to maintain F d throughout the year, but Ipomoea and Jatropha (deciduous) only during the wet summer season. The maximum F d of Ipomoea and Jatropha (~1,200 g cm-2 day-1) were two times higher than Olneya (600 g cm-2 day-1). During dry spells, deciduous trees decreased their F d. Water potentials and stomatal conductances allowed differentiation of the hydrologic niches of isohydric (Ipomoea and Jatropha) and anisohydric (O. tesota) functional types. Conclusions: We found a gradient of diminishing drought resistance from Ipomoea, Jatropha to Olneya. These species enhanced coexistence because of their hydrological niches, determined by their sap flow, iso-anisohydric strategies, and rooting depths.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los determinantes de la distribución geográfica de las especies pueden informar sobre procesos biológicos clave, y tener implicaciones en conservación. Objetivo: Evaluar si la amplitud climática (una aproximación de la amplitud de nicho) es un predictor de la la distribución geográfica en campanillas y cazahuates en México (género Ipomoea), un grupo diverso y de relevancia socioeconómica y cultural pero poco estudiado. Métodos: Usando más de 30,000 registros, de los cuales > 7,000 fueron georreferenciados manualmente, calculamos, para cada especie, el tamaño de la distribución geográfica (usando polígonos convexos de Hull y vecindades de áreas alrededor de puntos de colecta), así como la amplitud climática (usando los tres primeros ejes de un análisis de componentes principales de las 19 variables de Worldclim, así como enfocada en temperatura, precipitación y estacionalidad). Exploramos la relación entre amplitud geográfica y amplitud climática con modelos lineales generalizados y modelos filogenéticos de mínimos cuadrados generalizados. Resultados: Actualizamos el número de especies de Ipomoea reportadas para México a 178 y mostramos que la amplitud climática explica > 69 % de la variación en el tamaño de la distribución geográfica en las especies estudiadas. Los patrones son similares con amplitudes climáticas basadas en precipitación y temperatura. Conclusiones: La variación en amplitud geográfica en Ipomoea en México es explicada en gran medida por la amplitud climática de las especies y este resultado no está dictado por la filogenia. Discutimos ejemplos de especies con distribuciones geográficas amplias pero amplitudes climáticas estrechas, que pueden ser vulnerables ante ambientes cambiantes.

Abstract Background: Elucidating the determinants of species’ geographic distributions is a fundamental goal of ecology and biogeography, as they can inform about key biological processes, with implications for conservation. Goal: Evaluate whether realized climatic amplitude (a proxy for niche breadth) is an ecological correlate of geographic range size in morning glories in Mexico, a highly diverse group of plants of worldwide socio-economic relevance, but still poorly studied. Methods: Based on a dataset of > 30,000 records of which > 7,000 were manually georeferenced, we calculated geographic range size (using convex hull polygons and buffered occurrence points), and climatic amplitude (using three first axes of Principal Components based on 19 Worldclim variables, and focusing on temperature, precipitation, and seasonality), and explored their relationship using general linear models and phylogenetic generalized least squares. Results: All models show that climatic amplitude explains a high proportion of variation in geographic range size for our dataset (up to > 69 %). We find no evidence of tradeoffs related to temperature and precipitation niche breadths. Through review of reported records, we update the number of species of Ipomoea reported for Mexico to 178. Conclusions: Much of the variation in geographic range size in Mexican Ipomoea can be explained by realized climatic amplitude, and this result is not driven by phylogenetic history. We discuss cases where despite large geographic range sizes, narrow climatic amplitudes can signify higher risks for species in the face of changing environments.

RESUMEN En el comienzo de la historia del grafeno, el óxido de grafeno representaba únicamente un paso intermedio en la metodología para la obtención de láminas de grafeno. Sin embargo, resultados posteriores en la investigación de este material mostraron que el óxido de grafeno exhibe una estructura con defectos y grupos funcionales que le confieren propiedades únicas. Dada la versatilidad de su superficie, se han propuesto distintas vías de funcionalización que han resultado en la obtención de gran variedad de materiales híbridos. En este trabajo, presentamos la obtención y caracterización de tres materiales funcionalizados basados en láminas de óxido de grafeno decoradas con nanopartículas de plata, dióxido de titanio e hidroxiapatita. Estas nanoestructuras fueron caracterizadas mediante difracción de rayos X, espectroscopía Raman y microscopía electrónica de transmisión. De forma particular se estudió la mejora en las propiedades térmicas del grafeno oxidadonanopartículas de plata mediante análisis termogravimétrico (TGA), la mejora de las señales Raman mediante el mecanismo químico de SERS en el material decorado con dióxido de titanio y se realizó un ensayo de viabilidad celular MTT, en el que se observó que no presentaba citotoxicidad el grafeno oxidado decorado con hidroxiapatita obtenido al usar urea para la precipitación del biocerámico.

ABSTRACT In the early history of graphene, graphene oxide represented only an intermediate step in the methodology for obtaining graphene sheets. However, subsequent results of the investigation of this material showed that graphene oxide exhibits a structure with defects and functional groups that give it unique properties. Given the versatility of its surface, different functionalization routes have been proposed that have resulted in obtaining a wide variety of hybrid materials. In this work, we present the obtaining and characterization of three functionalized materials based on graphene oxide sheets decorated with nanoparticles of silver, titanium dioxide and hydroxyapatite. These nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In particular, the improvement in the thermal properties of oxidized graphene-silver nanoparticles was studied through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the improvement of Raman signals through the chemical mechanism of SERS in the material decorated with titanium dioxide and a MTT cell viability assay, in which it was observed that the oxidized graphene decorated with hydroxyapatite obtained using urea did not present cytotoxicity.

Abstract: (Objective): The objective of this study was to determine the larvicidal activity against A. aegypti of ethanolic extracts of plants commonly found in Costa Rica. (Methodology): Larvicidal activity of ethanolic extracts of plants was determined in this study using the WHO/VBC/81.807: WHO/VBC/81. from 1981. An analysis PROBID for dose response was conducted to determine LC50 of the most prominent extracts. (Results): A total of six extracts with the highest toxicity were chosen, with the stem extract of Ipomoea cairica having the lowest LC50 of 0.0341 mg/mL, followed by I. cairica leaf extract with an LC50 of 0.121 mg/mL. The larvicidal activity of ethanolic extracts of plants was determined in this study, with an emphasis on the larvicidal potential of I. cairica as an environmentally friendly alternative for the control of A. aegypti. (Conclusions): The larvicidal activity for ethanolic extracts of different plants, with an emphasis on the larvicidal potential of I. cairica as an environmentally friendly alternative for the control of A. aegypti.

Resumen: (Objetivo): El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la actividad larvicida contra A. aegypti de extractos etanólicos de plantas comúnmente encontradas en Costa Rica. (Metodología): La actividad larvicida de extractos etanólicos de plantas fue determinada mediante la metodología WHO/VBC/81.807: WHO/ VBC/81. de 1981 de la Organización Mundial de la salud. Un análisis PROBID para determinar la respuesta a distintas dosis fue llevado a cabo y así determinar los valores de dosis letal media (LC50) para los extractos más prominentes (Resultados): Un total de seis extractos con la mayor toxicidad fueron escogidos, siendo el extracto de los tallos de Ipomoea cairica lo que mostraron el menor valor de LC50 con 0.0341 mg/ mL, seguido por el extracto de las hojas de I. cairica con un LC50 de 0.121 mg/mL. (Conclusiones): La actividad larvicida de los extractos etanólicos de plantas fue determinada en este estudio con un énfasis en el potencial de la I. cairica como una alternativa ambientalmente amigable para el control de A. aegypti.

Resumo: (Objetivo): Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a atividade larvicida contra A. aegypti de extratos etanólicos de plantas comumente encontradas na Costa Rica. (Metodologia): A atividade larvicida de extratos etanólicos de plantas foi determinada usando a metodologia da OMS/VBC/81.807: WHO/VBC/81. 1981 da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Uma análise PROBID para determinar a resposta a diferentes doses foi realizada para estabelecer os valores da dose letal média (LC50) para os extratos mais proeminentes. (Resultados): Foi escolhido um total de seis extratos com a maior toxicidade, com o extrato de hastes de Ipomoea cairica mostrando o menor valor LC50 a 0,0341 mg/mL, seguido pelo extrato de folhas de I. cairica com um LC50 de 0,121 mg/mL. (Conclusões): A atividade larvicida dos extratos etanólicos de plantas foi determinada neste estudo com ênfase no potencial da I. cairica como uma alternativa ambientalmente amigável para o controle de A. aegypti.

Abstract (Objective) The objective of this study was to analyze antimicrobial resistance in Peruvian aquaculture. (Methodology) An observational, descriptive study was carried out. Samples of Argopectenpurpuratus, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oreochromis niloticus and Litopenaeus vannamei were included. The bacteria Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Erichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Aeromonas spp., and Flavobacterium psychrophilum were isolated. Antibiotic resistance was evaluated using antibiograms, and resistant samples were sequenced to identify antimicrobial resistance genes. Absolute and percentage frequencies were calculated. In addition, Wald, Clopper-Pearson, and pooled prevalence confidence intervals were estimated. (Results) In the case of A. purpuratus, 22.2% (95% CI:2.81-60.00) of the E. coli samples were resistant to oxytetracycline. Resistant samples were found in 4.44% (n=2) of the aquaculture production centers (APCs). In O. mykiss, 88.89% (95% CI:51.16-99.72) of the Enterococcus spp. were resistant to osfomycin and oxytetracycline. Resistant samples were found in12.96% of the APCs (n=7). Regarding O. niloticus, 47.31% (95% CI: 37.16-57.46) of the E. coli samples were resistant to oxytetracycline ampicilline>chloramphenicol>fosfomycin and azithromycin. Resistant samples were encountered in 50% of the APCs (n=19). In addition, 89.36% (95% CI:80.55-98.18) of the Enterococcus spp. were resistant to Fosfomycin> chloranphenicol and colistin> oxytetracycline>azithromycin>ampicilline; resistant samples were found in 36.84% of the APCs (n=14). In L. vannamei, 87.11% (95% CI:83.00-91.21) of the Enterococcus spp. samples were resistant to Fosfomycin> colistin> oxytetracycline> azithromycin> ampicilline and resistant samples were found in 100% of the APCs (n=33). Likewise, 35.05% (95% CI:29.74-40.23) of the V. parahaemolyticus samples were resistant to ampicilline>fosfomycin>oxytetracycline>azithromycin>eritromicine>enrofloxacin>ampicilline> chloranfhenicol. Resistant samples were found in 78.79% (n=26) of the APCs (Conclusions) The percentage of APCs with O. niloticus and L. vannamei showed that antimicrobial resistance was high.

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Resumo (Objetivo) O objetivo foi analisar a resistência antimicrobiana na aquicultura peruana. (Metodologia) Foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo. Foram incluídas amostras das espécies Argopecten purpuratus, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oreochromis niloticus e Litopenaeus vannamei. Foram isoladas bactérias dos gêneros Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Aeromonas spp., e espécies de Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus e Flavobacterium psychrophilum. A resistência antimicrobiana foi avaliada por meio de antibiograma, e amostras resistentes foram sequenciadas para identificar genes de resistência antimicrobiana. Foram calculadas as frequências absoluta e percentual, além dos intervalos de confiança de Wald, Clopper-Pearson e as prevalências agrupadas. (Resultados) Em relação a A. purpuratus, 22,2% (IC 95%: 2,81-60,00) das amostras de E. coli foram resistentes à oxitetraciclina. Estes pertenciam a 4,44 % (n=2) dos centros de produção aquícola (CPA). Em O. mykiss, 88,89% (IC 95%: 51,16-99,72) das amostras de rococcus spp. foram resistentes à fosfomicina e oxitetraciclina. Estas pertenciam a 12,96% das CPAs (n=7). Em relação a O. niloticus, 47,31 % IC 95%: 37,16-57,46) das amostras de E. coli foram resistentes à oxitetraciclina>ampicilina>cloranfenicol fosfomicina e azitromicina. Estas pertenciam a 50% das CPAs (n=19). Além disso, 89,36% (IC95%: 80,55-98,18) das amostras de Enterococcus spp. foram resistentes a fosfomicina>cloranfenicol e colistina>oxitetraciclina>azitromicina>ampicilina; estas pertenciam a 36,84% das CPAs (n=14). Em L. vannamei, 87,11% (IC 95%: 83,00-91,21) das amostras de Enterococcus spp foram resistentes à fosfomicina>colistina>oxitetraciclina>azitromicina eritromicina>enrofloxacina> ampicilina>cloranfenicol e pertenciam a 100% das CPAs (n=33). Além disso, 3 ,05% (IC 95%: 29,74-40,23) das amostras de V.parahaemolyticus foram resistentes à ampicilina>fosfomicina>colistina>oxitetraciclina>azitromicina. Estas pertenciam a 78,79% (n=26) das CPAs. (Conclusões) A porcentagem de CPA de O. niloticus L. vannamei, mostrou maior resistência antimicrobiana do estudo.